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NEW QUESTION # 40
Where, in a protocol analyzer, would you find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A- MPDU?
- A. The HT Operation Element
- B. A-MPDU flag in the Frame Control Field
- C. A-MPDU flag in the QoS Control Field
- D. The Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header
Answer: D
Explanation:
In a protocol analyzer, you would find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A-MPDU by looking at the Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header. The Radio Tap Header is a pseudo-header that is added by some wireless capture devices to provide additional information about the physical layer characteristics of a frame. The Aggregation flag is one of the fields in this header, and it indicates whether the frame belongs to an A-MPDU or not. If the flag is set to 1, it means that the frame is part of an A-MPDU; if it is set to 0, it means that the frame is not part of an A-MPDU . References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 303; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 304.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Given: The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is a 32 CRC used for error detection.
The CRC is calculated over what?
- A. PHY Header, MAC Header and Frame Body
- B. Mac Header and Frame Body only
- C. PHY Header and Mac Header only
- D. Frame Body only
Answer: B
Explanation:
The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body only. The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a 32-bit value that is used for error detection in wireless transmissions. The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body of a PSDU, which are the parts of the data unit that contain information such as source and destination addresses, frame type, frame control, sequence number, payload, etc. The CRC is appended to the end of the PSDU as a FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field. The CRC is not calculated over the PHY Header or PHY Preamble, which are parts of the PPDU that contain information such as modulation, coding, data rate, etc. The PHY Header and PHY Preamble are added or removed by the PHY layer during the conversion between PSDU and PPDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-
405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which one of the following statements is not true concerning DTIMs?
- A. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Map
- B. Buffered Broadcast and Multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM
- C. Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM
- D. The DTIM interval can dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to beacon frames
Answer: C
Explanation:
Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM is not a true statement concerning DTIMs. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Message, and it is a subfield within the TIM (Traffic Indication Map) element in a Beacon frame. The DTIM indicates how many Beacon frames (including the current one) will appear before the next DTIM. For example, if the DTIM interval is set to 3, it means that every third Beacon frame will contain a DTIM. Buffered broadcast and multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM, so that STAs in power save mode can wake up and receive them. The DTIM interval can also dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to Beacon frames, as some STAs may choose to only listen to Beacon frames that contain a DTIM . References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter
6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 200; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 201.
NEW QUESTION # 43
How is the length of an AIFS calculated?
- A. AIFSN * Slot Time + SIFS
- B. DIFS + SIFS + AIFSN
- C. SIFS + AIFS * Time Unit
- D. SIFS * Slot Time + AIFSN
Answer: A
Explanation:
The length of an AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is calculated by multiplying the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) by the Slot Time and adding the SIFS (Short Interframe Space). An AIFS is a variable interframe space introduced by 802.11e to help prioritize medium access for different Access Categories (ACs). An AC is a logical queue that corresponds to a QoS (Quality of Service) level for different types of traffic. Each AC has a different AIFSN value, which determines how long it has to wait before attempting to access the medium. A lower AIFSN value means a higher priority and a shorter waiting time.
The Slot Time is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. The SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs or CTSs. The formula for calculating the AIFS length is: AIFS = AIFSN * Slot Time + SIFS. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 44
What is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake?
- A. PTK
- B. PMK
- C. GMK
- D. GTK
Answer: D
Explanation:
The GTK (Group Temporal Key) is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The 4-Way Handshake is a process that establishes a secure connection between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) using WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), which is a security protocol that uses AES-CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) as its encryption algorithm. The 4-Way Handshake consists of four messages that are exchanged between the STA and the AP. The first message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the ANonce (Authenticator Nonce), which is a random number generated by the AP. The second message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing the SNonce (Supplicant Nonce), which is a random number generated by the STA, and the MIC (Message Integrity Code), which is a value that verifies the integrity of the message. The third message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the GTK, which is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt multicast and broadcast data frames, and the MIC. The GTK is encrypted with the KEK (Key Encryption Key), which is derived from the PTK (Pairwise Temporal Key).
The PTK is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt unicast data frames, and it is derived from the PMK (Pairwise Master Key), the ANonce, and the SNonce. The fourth message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing only the MIC, to confirm the completion of the 4-Way Handshake. The other options are not correct, as they are not encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PMK is a key that is derived from a passphrase or obtained from an authentication server, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PTK is a key that is derived from the PMK, the ANonce, and the SNonce, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The GMK (Group Master Key) is a key that is generated by the AP and used to derive the GTK, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 211-213
NEW QUESTION # 45
What element was added to the general frame of 802.11 with the 802.11e amendment and the 802.11-2007 rollup?
- A. Address 4
- B. QoS Control
- C. RSN-IE
- D. HT Control
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 46
When configuring a long-term, forensic packet capture and saving all packets to disk which of the following is not a consideration?
- A. Individual trace file size
- B. Analyzer location
- C. Total capture storage space
- D. Real-time packet decodes
Answer: D
Explanation:
Real-time packet decodes are not a consideration when configuring a long-term, forensic packet capture and saving all packets to disk. Real-time packet decodes are useful for live analysis and troubleshooting, but they consume CPU and memory resources that could affect the performance of the capture process. For a long- term, forensic packet capture, it is more important to consider the analyzer location, the total capture storage space, and the individual trace file size. These factors affect the quality and quantity of the captured packets and the ease of post-capture analysis34 References:
* CWAP-405Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 49
* CWAP-405Objectives, Section 2.1: Configure protocol analyzers
NEW QUESTION # 47
You have captured 802.11 traffic using an adapter that includes the radio tap header. You see several frames often called announcement frames in the capture.
What best describes these types of frames?
- A. They only include beacon and probe response frames
- B. They are used to allow a STA to awake from sleep and for no other reason
- C. They are meant to provide information to the network that may result in state changes, but they are not open for rejection
- D. They only include beacon and probe request frames
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 48
The manager in the security group is concerned about compliance with security policies on the WLAN. The budget is not available for a full WIPS SOLUTION. He has asked you to implement a process that will verify compliance.
What would you recommend in such a scenario?
- A. Use a laptop-based protocol analyzer that provides compliance reporting to monitor the environment on a periodic basis
- B. Use the built-in spectrum analyzer features of the APs to ensure that WPA2-Enterprise is implemented throughout the organization
- C. Simplify enable 802.11w, which will enforce management frame compliance
- D. Implement AP-based sensors throughout the facility and then monitor for performance issues with these sensors
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 49
You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero.
What do you conclude about the transmitting STA?
- A. The STA's WLAN adaptor is disabled
- B. The STA is operating in Ad-Hoc mode
- C. The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs
- D. The WLAN adaptor is configured in promiscuous mode
Answer: C
Explanation:
The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs by sending a Probe Request with an empty SSID element.
This is also known as a broadcast Probe Request, as it does not specify any particular SSID to probe for. Any AP that receives this Probe Request will respond with a Probe Response containing its own SSID and other information about its BSS. This way, the STA can learn about all the BSSs in its vicinity and choose which one to associate with . References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 191; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 193.
NEW QUESTION # 50
During a VHT Transmit Beamforming sounding exchange, the beamformee transmits a Compressed Beamforming frame to the beamformer. What is communicated within this Compressed Beamforming frame?
- A. Beamformee Matrix
- B. Feedback Matrix
- C. Beamforming Matrix
- D. Steering Matrix
Answer: B
Explanation:
The beamformee transmits a Feedback Matrix within the Compressed Beamforming frame to the beamformer.
The Feedback Matrix contains information about the channel state between the beamformee and each spatial stream of the beamformer. This information is used by the beamformer to adjust its transmit weights and optimize its signal for the beamformee34. References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 4033; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 4064.
NEW QUESTION # 51
When evaluating modulation and coding schemes, you must determine the best coding rate available. In
802.11 MCS tables, what is the best coding rate from the perspective of highest data rates?
- A. 2/3
- B. 5/6
- C. 3/4
- D. 1/2
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 52
The To DS bit is set to 0 and the From DS is set to 1.
What best describes this 802.11 frame?
- A. A frame being transmitted from an AP to a client STA
- B. A frame being transmitted in a mesh BSS
- C. A frame being transmitted from a client STA to an AP
- D. A frame being transmitted directly from one client STA to another
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 53
You must report on frame types seen on the WLAN. You want to list the frame types by both name and binary value.
What frame type is represented by the binary value 011010, which includes the Type and Subtype values?
- A. Authentication
- B. Beacon
- C. PS-Poll
- D. Association Request
Answer: C
Explanation:
References:
NEW QUESTION # 54
When using a commercial WLAN protocol analyzer, you notice that it is listing vendor names for some APs and client STAs.
What is the source of this information?
- A. Vendor OUI values
- B. Broadcast name resolution
- C. DNS name resolution
- D. Banner grabbing
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 55
You are creating a baseline configuration for a pool of 100 laptops related to Wi-Fi. The laptops have dual- band 802.11ac adapters. They are configured for aggressive roaming.
What additional setting might you configure to ensure they access the WLAN on the channels with the least interference assuming the enterprise WLAN is well-designed?
- A. USB speed
- B. Band preference
- C. 802.11h
- D. Power management
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 56
While troubleshooting DHCP issues, you perform a protocol capture in order to determine if the DNCP pool is depleted. The capture does not show DHCPnak messages.
Where else could you look to determine if the pool is depleted?
- A. Spectrum analyzer
- B. AP logs
- C. DHCP server logs
- D. Switch logs
Answer: C
Explanation:
A very common problem for WLANs is DHCP pool depletion. This occurs because many wireless clients come-and-go from the network quickly. If a client connects for only two or three minutes and the lease duration is set to multiple days (3-8 days is not uncommon), the IP address will be lost for that entire time. To resolve such issues, create more pools and reduce the lease duration to hours instead of days. Look for DHCP negative acknowledgement or server log errors to determine if the IP pool is depleted.
NEW QUESTION # 57
What is the Extended IFS used in 802.11 contention?
- A. When a frame reception begins but the received frame is incomplete or corrupted based on the FCS
- B. When the lower data rates are used and you want the fastest medium access times
- C. When 802.11ac must coexist with 802.11n
- D. When the higher data rates are used and you want the fastest medium access times
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 58
An RTS frame should be acknowledged by which frame?
- A. Ack
- B. CTS
- C. RTS-Ack
- D. Block Ack
Answer: B
Explanation:
An RTS (Request to Send) frame should be acknowledged by a CTS (Clear to Send) frame. An RTS and CTS frame are types of control frames that are used to implement a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS
/CTS. RTS/CTS is a technique that helps to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame, followed by an ACK (Acknowledgement) frame from the receiver. The other options are not correct, as they are not used to acknowledge an RTS frame. An ACK frame is used to acknowledge a data frame, not an RTS frame. An RTS- Ack frame does not exist, as there is no such type of control frame in 802.11. A Block Ack (BA) frame is used to acknowledge multiple data frames in a single frame, not an RTS frame. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167
NEW QUESTION # 59
You are repairing a misconfiguration in WMM settings on an AP. The aCWmin and aCWmax values were all changed.
What is the default aCWmax for AC_BK?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are considering disabling the data rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 in the 2.4 GHz band.
What advantage might this provide to the networks operating in this band?
- A. The range of the PHY preamble and header will be reduced
- B. The antennas will be able to zero in on the higher data rates better
- C. The RF signals will not travel as far
- D. Frames that must be transmitted at the lowest common data rate can be transmitted at higher data rates after the change
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 61
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, to which portion of the frame is the encryption applied?
- A. Frame body and MAC Header
- B. The whole MPDU
- C. Frame body excluding the LLCPD U
- D. Frame body including the LLCPDU
Answer: D
Explanation:
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, the encryption is applied to the frame body including the LLCPDU. The LLCPDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit) is a part of the frame body that contains information such as protocol type, source and destination service access points (SAPs), and control fields. The LLCPDU is added by the LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer to provide multiplexing and flow control functions for different upper layer protocols. When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, which uses AES- CCMP as its encryption algorithm, both the payload and the LLCPDU are encrypted as a single unit. The MAC header and FCS are not encrypted, as they are needed for addressing and error detection purposes. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 115-116
NEW QUESTION # 62
What is the difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame?
- A. QoS Data frames include an 802.1Q VLAN tag
- B. QoS Data frames include a QoS information element
- C. QoS Data frames include a QoS control field
- D. QoS Data frames include a DSCP control field
Answer: C
Explanation:
The difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame is that QoS Data frames include a QoS control field. A Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs. A QoS Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs that support QoS (Quality of Service) features. QoS features allow different types of traffic to be prioritized and handled differently according to their QoS requirements, such as delay, jitter, throughput, etc. QoS Data frames include a QoS control field in their MAC header, which contains information such as traffic identifier (TID), queue size (TXOP), acknowledgment policy (ACK), etc., that are used for QoS purposes. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe the difference between Data and QoS Data frames. QoS Data frames do not include a DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) control field, which is part of the IP header in the network layer, not the MAC header in the data link layer. QoS Data frames do not include a QoS information element (IE), which is part of some management frames that indicate QoS capabilities or parameters, not data frames. QoS Data frames do not include an 802.1 Q VLAN tag, which is part of some Ethernet frames that indicate VLAN membership or priority, not wireless frames. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 118-119
NEW QUESTION # 63
When using Wireshark for protocol analysis, what filter will allow you to see only beacon frames?
- A. wlan.fc.type_subtype = =0x05
- B. wlan.fc.type_subtype = =0x08
- C. wlan.fc.type_subtype = =0x0b
- D. wlan.fc.type_subtype = =0x04
Answer: B
Explanation:
References:
NEW QUESTION # 64
You have implemented centralized, infrastructure-based spectrum analysis. The Aps are configured to perform spectrum analysis in an ad-hoc manner and will go offline as Aps to perform this duty when needed.
What unique method of spectrum analysis monitoring is provided by this solution that is not typically available in a laptop-based analyzer?
- A. Band selection
- B. Real-time FFT
- C. Web-based viewing
- D. RBW adjustments
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 65
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